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湘西土家族苗族自治州歷史悠久，文脈繁盛，擁有世界文化遺產1處、全國重點文物保護單位14處、國家級歷史文化名城1個、歷史文化名鎮4個，多達1517處歷史文化古跡，完整見證了中華文明九州共貫、多元一體的歷史進程，既是祖先留給我們的寶貴遺產，也是推動這片土地打開山門、創新發展的強大精神動力。
湘文化遺產主題游徑 Themed torstroutulal
2024年，湘西文旅啟動神秘湘西文化遺產主題游徑建設，對州內歷史文化遺產價值加以深入挖掘和闡釋，將承載著湘西厚重歷史文化和濃郁人文風情的文物古跡有機關聯、串珠成鏈，形成兼具休閑觀光、文化旅游、科考研學功能的文化線路。
讓我們沿著這些線路照鑒多元文化，探尋何以湘西。
Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture has a long history and a prosperous cultural context. It has one world cultural heritage site, 14 national key cultural relic protection units, one national historical and cultural city, and four famous historical and cultural towns. There are as many as 1,517 historical and cultural relics, which completely witness the historical process of the Chinese civilization being interconnected and diverse yet integrated.It is not only a precious heritage left to us by our ancestors but also a powerful spiritual driving force for promoting the opening up and innovative development of this land.
In 2024, Xiangxi's culture and tourism sector launched the construction of the themed tourist route of cultural heritage in mysterious Xiangxi. It deeply excavates and interprets the value of historical and cultural heritages within the prefecture, organically links cultural relics and historic sites that carry Xiangxi's profound historical culture and strong humanistic customs, and strings them together to form cultural routes with functions of leisure and sightseeing,cultural tourism,and scientific research and study.
Let's follow these routes to reflect on diverse cultures and explore why Xiangxi is unique.
老司城遺址文物徑
The Cultural Relics Trail ofthe Laosi City Ruins
土司制度作為與元、明、清王朝相始終的重要行政制度，體現了我國古代中央政府對少數民族地區的有效管理，見證了古代中國作為統一多民族國家對西南多民族地區獨特的“齊政修教，因俗而治”的管理智慧。“土朝王司溪州勝跡”土司文物主題游徑連接老司城遺址、芙蓉鎮、老司巖等土司制度相關遺存，引領觀眾走進土司王朝的輝煌與遺夢，完成對歷史的沉浸與追溯。
老司城遺址位于湘西州永順縣，是南宋至清代永順彭氏土司的政治、經濟、軍事和文化中心，史書中多有“城內三千戶，城外八百家”“五溪之巨鎮，萬里之邊城”的記載與評價。作為中國土司制度的物質見證、傳統西南山水城市的典范、國家級文化生態保護區重要文化地標，是國內為數不多實現原遺址、原住民、原生態、原文化“四原”保護的文化遺產地，2015年，列入世界遺產名錄。
推薦路線
老司城遺址博物館 \rightarrow 接官渡（河碼頭）→宮殿區→生活區 \rightarrow 涼熱洞 \rightarrow 彭氏宗祠 \rightarrow 土司古墓群→土司德政碑→若云書院→子孫永享牌坊→周家灣→松柏古道→祖師殿
祖師殿
As an important administrative system that coexisted throughout the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, the Tusi system reflects the effective management of China's ancient central government over ethnic minority regions. It also bears witness to the unique management wisdom of ancient China, as a unified multi-ethnic country, in dealing with the multi-ethnic regions in the southwest, which is characterized by‘implementing unified policies and promoting education while governing according to local customs. The thematic tourism route of Tusi cultural relics, titled “The Tusi Dynasty, Wangsi, and the Historic Sites of Xizhou, connects the remains related to the Tusi system, such as the Laosi City Ruins, Furong Town, and Laosiyan. It leads visitors to step into the glory and lingering dreams of the Tusi dynasty and enables them to immerse themselves in and trace back to history.
The Laosi City Ruins are located in Yongshun County, Xiangxi Prefecture. It served as the political, economic, military, and cultural center of the Peng clan's Tusi in Yongshun from the Southern Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty.Historical records often contain descriptions and evaluations such as "Three thousand households within the city and eight hundred families outside the city'and“A large town among the FiveStreams and afrontier city stretching for thousands of miles. As a material witness of China's Tusi system, a model of traditional landscape cities in the southwest, and an important cultural landmark in the national-level cultural and ecological protection zone, it is one of the few cultural heritage sites in China that have achieved the protection of the original site, original inhabitants, original ecology, and original culture. In 2015, it was inscribed on the World Heritage List.
老司城遺址博物館 The Museum of Laosi City Ruins
老司城遺址博物館是展示中國土司制度和土司文化的專題博物館，該館陳列布展以老司城遺址建筑原貌豌蜓、疊幛的特點為設計原點，整個展示空間為一軸“原生態、原文化、原遺址、原住民”的宏偉史詩畫卷，集中突出地域特點、時代特征、人文特色和史學特性。
博物館陳列布展文物以考古發掘成果為主，系統解讀老司城遺址本體及其與周邊遺跡的關系，展示老司城的地理環境、基礎設施、功能布局，通過與國內外同類遺產對比分析，進一步突出老司城遺址的特殊性、完整性與真實性價值。
The Museum of Laosi City Ruins is a thematic museum dedicated to showcasing China's Tusi system and Tusi culture. The display and exhibition layout of the museum takes the original appearance of the buildings at the Laosi City Ruins, characterized by winding paths and overlapping peaks, as the design starting point. The entire exhibition space is like a magnificent epic scroll with the theme of ‘original ecology, original culture, original ruins, and original inhabitants, which centrally highlights the regional characteristics, the features of the era, the cultural characteristics,and thehistorical characteristics.
The cultural relics on display in the museum mainly come from the achievements of archaeological excavations.They systematically interpret the Laosi City Ruins themselves and their relationships with the surrounding remains, and showcase the geographical environment, infrastructure, and functional layout of Laosi City. Through comparative analysis with similar heritages at home and abroad, the uniqueness, integrity, and authenticity values of the Laosi City Ruins are further emphasized.
全館布展面積2000平方米，分序廳、老司城遺址、土司制度、溪州銅柱、多媒體、民間民俗文化、遺址保護及結束廳8個展廳。館藏文物11000多件，現有一級文物18件（套），二級文物35件（套），三級文物300多件（套），陳展面積2000平方米，展陳各級文物480余件套。博物館陳列布展由序廳老司城遺址介紹、彭氏政權的發展歷程、土家族文化等四大部分組成，反映彭氏政權的建立，發展，強盛以及消失的歷史。也通過彭氏政權的發展歷程反映了歷史時期西南民族地區土司制度的萌芽，建立，發展和消亡。
The exhibition area of the whole museum is 2.000 square meters, which is divided into 8 exhibition halls, namely the Preface Hall, the Laosi City Ruins Hall, the Tusi System Hall, the Tongzhu of Xizhou Hall, the Multimedia Hall, the Folk and Traditional Culture Hall, the Ruins Protection Hall, and the Ending Hall. There are more than 11,0o0 cultural relics in the museum's collection. Currently,there are 18 pieces (sets) of first-class cultural relics,35 pieces (sets) of second-class cultural relics, and more than 300 pieces (sets) of third-class cultural relics. The exhibition area is 2,000 square meters, and more than 480 pieces (sets) of cultural relics at all levels are displayed.
The display and exhibition layout of the museum consists of four major parts, including the introduction of the Laosi City Ruins in the Preface Hall, the development process of the Peng Clan regime, and the culture of the Tujia ethnic group. It reflects the establishment, development, prosperity, and disappearance of the Peng Clan regime in history. Through the development process of the Peng Clan regime, it also reflects the germination, establishment, development, and demise of the Tusi system in the ethnic minority regions of southwest China during historical periods.
接官渡（河碼頭 Jieguandu (River Wharf)
接官渡是彭氏土司朝廷官員來此視察工作的必經之路，其上有一座簡易的木橋，平時小木橋承載兩岸的交通，漲水之后，就用木船連接靈溪河兩岸。
Jieguandu is the only way for the court officials of the Peng clan's Tusi to come here for inspection. There is a simple wooden bridge on it. Usually, the small wooden bridge bears the traffic between the two banks of the river. After the water level rises, wooden boats are used to connect the two banks of the Lingxi River.
生活區它位于城區的北部，總面積14000平方米。整體性制為橢圓形，殿內設有四門，大西門為正門，西北角為北門，西南角為南門，東南角為東門。老司城中環境優美，適宜居住，在區域內有縱橫交錯的地下排水系統，為具有排放生活污水、防災減災多重功能的工程典范。
The living area is located in the northern part of the urban area, with a total area of 14,000 square meters. As a whole, it is oval in shape. There are four gates in the palace. The Great West Gate serves as the main entrance, the North Gate is in the northwest corner, the South Gate is in the southwest corner,and the East Gate is in the southeast corner.The environment in Laosi City is beautiful and suitable for living. There is a crisscrossing underground drainage system within the area, which is a model project with multiple functions such as discharging domestic sewage and preventing and reducing disasters.
位于城區北部，依山而建，東北高、西南低。形狀略呈橢圓形，周長436米，總面積14000平方米。宮殿區共有四門，并以石灰、桐油膠結。大西門為正門，連接右街古道，殘存局部臺階，兩側的城墻殘高2米左右，以紅砂巖錯縫平鋪疊砌包邊。宮殿區西北角、西南角、東南角各有一門，城墻的厚度1米左右，長436米。主體建筑處在宮殿區的中部偏南，依山而建，正對著大西門，自下而上，形成四級階梯狀平臺。地基用夯土筑成。遺跡包括保坎、墻基、墻體、臺級、散水、排水溝等。
It is located in the northern part of the urban area and is built against the mountain,with the northeast being higher and the southwest being lower.It is slightly oval in shape, with a perimeter of 436 meters and a total area of 14,000 square meters. There are four gates in the palace area, which are cemented with lime and tung oil. The Great West Gate is the main entrance, connecting to the ancient road of the Right Street. Some of the steps remain. The residual height of the city walls on both sides is about 2 meters, and the edges are paved and stacked with red sandstone in a staggered joint pattern. There is one gate respectively in the northwest corner, the southwest corner, and the southeast corner of the palace area. The thickness of the city wall is about I meter, and its length is 436 meters.
The main building is located in the south of the middle part of the palace area, built against the mountain, directly facing the Great West Gate.From bottom to top, it forms a four-level stepped platform. The foundation is made of rammed earth. The remains include retaining walls, wall foundations, walls, steps,water dispersal areas, drainage ditches,et.
位于中心城址北部，北與生活區相鄰，是土司及其職官行政辦公和臨時居住的衙署政務機構所在地，平面接近長方形，城墻周長408.8米，面積8762.4平方米。其東、南、西墻保存較為完好，一般殘高1一2米。衙署區西門殘基至今仍出露在地面上，門寬3.4米，以條石作石階，下通正街。
Located in the northern part of the central city site and adjacent to the living area in the north, it is the location of the yamen government affairs institution where the Tusi and his officials conducted administrative work and temporarily lived. Its plane is nearly rectangular, with the perimeter of the city wall being 408.8 meters and an area of 8,762.4 square meters. The east, south, and west walls are relatively well-preserved, with a general residual height of 1 to 2 meters. The residual foundation of the west gate of the Yashu Area is still exposed on the ground to this day. The gate is 3.4 meters wide, with stone steps made of stone strips, leading down to the main street.
排水渠 Drainage ditch
涼熱洞位于衙署區中部第四級臺地北側，是因季節不同而用于避暑或御寒功能的特殊建筑。
涼熱洞整體由青磚起券砌筑，分內外兩間，厚而堅硬的墻壁既不容易導熱，又可以阻擋寒氣，堪稱是節能的生態建筑，體現了老司城建筑設計的科學性和當時先民的生活智慧。
The Liangre Cave is located on the north side of the fourth terrace in the middle of the Yashu Area.It is a special building used for avoiding the heat in summer or keeping warm in winter depending on the season.
The Liangre Cave is entirely constructed with blue bricks arched and built. It is divided into two rooms, an inner one and an outer one. The thick and hard walls are not easy to conduct heat and can also block the cold air.It can be regarded as an energy-saving ecological building, reflecting the scientific nature of the architectural design of Laosi City and theliving wisdom of the ancestors at that time.
彭氏宗祠位于司城中心，在土司“寢宮”的后面，內供歷代土司的牌位，有精美的木雕像，還收藏了歷代土司制定的三綱五常法譜。為明代萬歷十九年第24代土司彭元錦任宣慰使時所建。
從祠堂大門直到正街有一條200多米長的官道，要經過四個平臺和五段石階梯三十余個石級，逐步高升顯出一種威嚴的氣派。
祠堂門口有一對石鼓，估計每只至少重五千斤以上，民間傳說是土家族古代英雄哈力噶巴從離此百多里的五官坪一只手提一只提到司城來的。
The Ancestral Temple of the Peng Clan is located in the center of Sicheng, behind the “bedchamber'of the Tusi. Inside, there are the memorial tablets of the Tusi of past dynasties,exquisite wooden statues, and the legal codes of the Three Cardinal Bonds and the Five ConstantVirtuesformulated by the Tusi of past dynasties are also collected.It was built in the 19th year of the Wanli reign of the Ming Dynasty when Peng Yuanjin, the 24th-generation Tusi, served as the Chief Military and Administrative Commissioner.
There is an official road over 200 meters long from the gate of the ancestral temple to the main street. It passes through four platforms, five sections of stone steps, and more than thirty stone steps, rising gradually, showing a majestic air.
There is a pair of drum-shaped stone blocks at the entrance of the ancestral temple. It is estimated that each of them weighs at least over five thousand catties.According to folklore, they were carried to Sicheng by Haligaba,an ancient hero of the Tujia ethnic group, one in each hand from Wuguanping, which is more than a hundred li away.
土司古墓群是理葬彭福石沖以后的土司、土官及其眷屬的地方。古墓多集中于司城紫金山、雅草坪、帕桶湖三個地方，其中以紫金山最多。據勘察，紫金山一處共有土司王及其貴族墳墓109座。古墓的規模大小，視其官爵而定。從已挖開的30多座古墓來看，基本形式是用土磚拱成半圓形，墓前有石人石馬，四周筑有圍墻，進出必經鐵門。墓室四壁上刻有精美的花草圖案和龍鳳圖案。棺材系楠木、梓木做成，用土漆漆成烏黑色，并用鐵鉤懸掛在石室之內。隨葬器物也極為豐富，有金花、金譬、發插、耳環、蓮蓬等金銀飾物，還有各種玉器等。明代土司彭顯英、彭冀南等人的墳墓至今尚保存完好。
The Ancient Tomb Cluster of the Tusi is the place where the Tusi, local officials and their families were buried after the time of Peng Fushichong. Most of the ancient tombs are concentrated in three places Zijin Mountain, Yacaoping and Patong Lake in Sicheng, among which Zijin Mountain has the largest number.According to the survey,there are a total of 109 tombs of Tusi kings and their nobles on Zijin Mountain. The scale of the ancient tombs is determined according to the official rank of the buried person. Judging from the more than 30 excavated ancient tombs, the basic form is a semicircular arch made of adobe bricks. In front of the tombs, there are stone statues of people and horses, and there is a fence built around them. One must pass through an iron gate to enter or exit. Exquisite patterns of flowers and plants, as well as patterns of dragons and phoenixes, are carved on the four walls of the tomb chamber. The coffins are made of nanmu and zimu wood, painted jet black with native lacquer,and hung inside the stone chamber with iron hooks. The burial objects are also extremely rich, including gold and silver ornaments such as golden flowers, gold bracelets, hairpins, earrings, lotus seedpods, as well as various jade articles and so on. The tombs of Tusi Peng Xianying, Peng Jinan and others in the Ming Dynasty are still wellpreserved to this day.
此碑是清康熙五十二年永順土官為永順等處宣慰使彭泓海歌功頌德而建。土司德政碑立于司城衙署遺址左側，由青石雕鑿而成。碑高2.74米，寬1.2米，腹背刻字，上有石帽蓋頂，旁扶石柱。
This stele was erected in the 52nd year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty by the local officials of Yongshun to extol the virtues and achievements of Peng Honghai, the Chief Military and Administrative Commissioner of Yongshun and other places. The Stele of the Tusi's Benevolent Governance is located on the left side of the ruins of the Yashu (official office) in Sicheng and is carved from bluestone. The stele is 2.74 meters high and 1.2 meters wide, with inscriptions on both the front and the back. There is a stone cap on the top, and stone pillars are beside it for support.
若云書院土司接受中原教化，進行一系列宗教祭祀以及文化學習的場所，是土司時期的教育機構，與主城區內墓葬區遙遙相望，體現出老司城人事死如生的死亡觀。
Ruoyun Academy was a place where the Tusi accepted the enlightenment from the CentralPlains,carried out a series of religious sacrifices and cultural studies.It was an educational institution during the Tusi period. Standing in a distant view from the tomb area in the main urban area, it reflects the concept of death in Laosi City that people treated the deceased as if they were still alive.
位于司城南面紫金山和若云書院的雅草坪，始建于明嘉靖年間，上刻“子孫永享”四字，系為表彰二十六代土司彭冀南率土兵抗倭有功而立。明嘉靖三十三年（1554），年僅十八歲的土司彭冀南，率五千土兵奔赴江浙一代抗擊倭寇。土兵在王江徑一役殲敵一千九百余人，明史稱“自有倭寇以來，東南用兵未有逾此者，此其第一功云”，立“子孫永享”牌坊以昭紀。
It is located on Yacaoping of Zijin Mountain and Ruoyun Academy in the south of Sicheng. It was initially built during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty. On it are engraved the four characters Posterity to Enjoy Forever. It was erected to commend Peng Jinan, the 26th-generation Tusi, for his meritorious deeds in leading the native soldiers toresist the Japanese pirates. In the 33rd year of the Jiajing reign of the Ming Dynasty (1554), Peng Jinan, the Tusi who was only 18 years old at that time, led 5,000 native soldiers to rush to the regions of Jiangsu and Zhejiang to resist the Japanese pirates. In the Battle of Wangjiangjing, the native soldiers wiped out more than 1,900 enemies. The History of the Ming Dynasty stated that‘Since the appearance of the Japanese pirates, there has been no military achievement in the southeast region that exceeds this. This is the greatest merit. The Memorial Archway of Posterity to Enjoy Forever was erected to commemorate this remarkablefeat.
周家灣為土司時期醫術高超的周姓人的封地，周姓人在這里繁衍生息，人丁興旺，為此土司賜此地名為周家灣。
如今，周家灣已成為老司城遺址集中展示區。在這里，永順的十項國家級非物質文化遺產均有展示如土家族毛古斯舞、土家族擺手舞、土家族織錦技藝、土家族吊腳樓營造技藝等等。
Zhoujiawan was the fiefdom of the Zhou family members who had superb medical skills during the Tusi period. The Zhou family members multiplied and thrived here, and the population was prosperous. Therefore, the Tusi bestowed the name of Zhoujiawan on this place.
Today, Zhoujiawan has become a concentrated exhibition area of the Laosi City Ruins.Here,ten national-level intangible cultural heritages of Yongshun are all displayed, such as the Maogusi Dance of the Tujia ethnic group, the Hand-waving Dance of the Tujia ethnic group,the brocade weaving technique of the Tujia ethnic group, the construction technique of the stilted buildings of the Tujia ethnic group, and so on.
松柏古道見證了老司城曾經作為南宋紹興五年（1135年）至清雍正二年（1724年）永順彭氏土司的政治、經濟、軍事、文化中心的歷史，承載著當地悠久的土司文化。
The Ancient Pine and Cypress Path has witnessed the history of Laosi City as the political, economic, military and cultural center of the Peng Clan Tusi in Yongshun from the 5th year of the Shaoxing reign of the Southern Song Dynasty (1l35 AD) to the 2nd year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty (1724 AD), and it carries the local long-standing Tusi culture.
祖師殿位于老司城太平南麓，始建于后晉天福二年，重建于明代，供奉的是道教祖師張天師張道陵。正殿面闊五間，進深四間重檐歇山頂，全木材結構，用34根大柱支撐屋頂。柱礎用雙疊圓鼓式，殿脊殿檐是圖案精致的陶磚陶瓦。殿中金柱前，砌有神龕一座，上供“祖師”神象。殿宇斗拱雄偉古樸，梁架結構頗為特殊，是武陵山地區頗具民族特色的建筑。
The Hall of the Patriarch is located at the southern foot of Taiping Mountain in Laosi City.It was initially built in the 2nd year of the Tianfu reign of the Later Jin Dynasty and rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty. It enshrines Zhang Daoling, the Taoist Patriarch, also known as Zhang Tianshi.
The main hall has a width of five bays and a depth of four bays,with a double-eavehip-and-gable roof.Itis entirely constructed ofwood and supported by 34 large columns. The column bases are in the shape of doublestacked round drums. The ridges and eaves of the hall are made of ceramic bricks and tiles with exquisite patterns.
In front of the central columns in the hall, there is a shrine, on which the statue of the‘Patriarch' is enshrined. The brackets and arches of the hall are majestic and simple,and the beam structure is quite special. It is a building with distinct ethnic characteristics in the Wuling Mountain area.
文昌閣是土司接受中原教化，進行一系列宗教祭祀以及文化學習的場所。文昌閣與關帝廟遺址相鄰，曾作為關帝廟的前殿，該建筑為具有土家族民族風格三屋重檐式木構建筑，屋面蓋小青瓦，覆盆蓮花座石柱礎，木柱碩大，建筑面闊三間，是老司城儒家文化建筑遺存。
The Pavilion of Lord Wenchang was a place where the Tusi received the enlightenment from the Central Plains and carried out a series of religious sacrifices and cultural studies.Adjacent to the ruins of the Temple of Lord Guan, the Pavilion of Lord Wenchang once served as the front hall of the Temple of Lord Guan. This building is a three-story wooden structure with double eaves,featuring the ethnic style of the Tujia ethnic group. The roof is covered with small green tiles, and the stone column bases are in the shape of lotus-seat basins. The wooden columns are huge. The building has a width of three bays and is a remaining Confucian cultural building in Laosi City.
